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PODCAST

Metabolism Made Easy

A J Ghalayini, Ph.D.

This podcast describes selected biochemistry content that could be useful to premedical/medical students. Similar content (podcasts and videos) is available at: https://medbiochem.org/ or check out my YouTube channel: Metabolism Made Easy These podcasts and videos cover selected topics in medical biochemistry. A J Ghalayini, Ph.D. Bio for Dr. Ghalayini: Dr. Ghalayini received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Houston, Houston, Texas. He has over 3 decades of experience in

education courses

All Episodes

00:09:54

Amino Acid Catabolism: The Mandatory Urea Cycle -AI...

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/11/01

The source, an excerpt from the YouTube video "Catabolism of Amino Acids @Metabolism Made Easy," discusses the unique aspects of amino acid metabolism. It explains that amino acids are the sole nitrogen-containing molecules utilized by the body, which leads to the eventual production of ammonia during catabolism. To manage this toxic byproduct, the body employs the urea cycle to safely eliminate the nitrogen. The video also highlights that unlike glucose or fatty acids, the body lacks a storage

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00:02:59

Insulin: Activation of Lipid Synthesis

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/10/29

Insulin will activate fatty acid synthesis, triacylglycerol synthesis and cholesterol synthesis by dephosphorylating two key enzymes: acetyl CoA carboxylase and HMG CoA reductase. Insulin will upregulate lipoprotein lipase, increasing uptake of fatty acids from circulating chylomicrons into various tissues. Glucose will provide both precursors for triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis.

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00:02:59

Ketone Bodies & The Liver- AI Podcast

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/10/19

The video transcript from the "Metabolism Made Easy" YouTube channel focuses on the biological role and derivation of ketone bodies. Specifically, it identifies acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate as key ketone bodies released by the liver. These compounds are presented as an alternative energy source for various tissues, including the brain, muscles, and other peripheral tissues, particularly during periods of fasting. Finally, the source explains that ketone bodies originate from acetyl CoA,

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00:10:42

Glucose isn't the Villain, High blood glucose is

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/10/13

The single source provided, a transcript from a YouTube video titled "Misconceptions About Glucose: Hormonal Regulation of Plasma Glucose @Metabolism Made Easy," provides an overview of glucose's essential role for specific tissues like the brain and red blood cells, which rely on it for energy. It clarifies that glucose itself is not harmful; rather, the associated health risks stem from elevated plasma glucose levels, which can lead to conditions such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes. The transcript

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00:02:59

Insulin Secretion: Molecular Mechanism-AI Podcast

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/10/09

This brief video excerpt provides a concise explanation of the key steps involved in insulin release from pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels. The process involves a cascade of events triggered by glucose uptake, leading to increased ATP production, altered ion channel activity, calcium influx, and ultimately, insulin secretion.

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00:02:59

Glycogen: Fasting vs. Exercise-AI Podcast

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/10/05

The provided source distinguishes between glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, highlighting their differing metabolic outcomes. Liver glycogenolysis is unique because the liver possesses glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme that allows it to convert glucose-6-phosphate into free glucose, which can then be released into the bloodstream. Conversely, muscle glycogenolysis only yields glucose-6-phosphate, which is utilized internally for energy production through glycolysis as muscle tissue lacks

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00:02:47

Fatty acids: Sources & Fates

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/09/29

Fatty acids are derived from 3 distinct sources: 1. Digestion of dietary triacylglycerol; 2. Biosynthesis in the liver; 3. Lipolysis of stored triacylglycerol in adipose tissue. Fatty acids play several key cellular roles in energy production, energy storage, membrane synthesis, and inflammation.

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00:09:38

The Ingenious Journey of Dietary Fat-AI Podcast

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/09/20

This podcast describes the breakdown and transport of dietary fats within the body, beginning with pancreatic lipase in the small intestine converting triacylglycerols into absorbable components. These components are then repackaged into chylomicrons within the intestinal mucosa, which are released into the lymph and bloodstream for delivery throughout the body. During circulation, lipoprotein lipase facilitates the release of fatty acids from chylomicrons for tissue uptake. Furthermore, the text

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00:09:30

Glycogen Metabolism: Liver vs. Muscle-AI Podcast

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/09/12

The provided source distinguishes between glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, highlighting their differing metabolic outcomes. Liver glycogenolysis is unique because the liver possesses glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme that allows it to convert glucose-6-phosphate into free glucose, which can then be released into the bloodstream. Conversely, muscle glycogenolysis only yields glucose-6-phosphate, which is utilized internally for energy production through glycolysis as muscle tissue lacks

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00:11:23

The Breath of Life: Oxygen & Cellular Respiration

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/09/02

The provided text from the "Metabolism Made Easy" YouTube channel explains the critical role of oxygen in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), a vital process for cellular energy production. It highlights how hypoxia, or a lack of oxygen, significantly inhibits the ETC, thereby reducing the output of ATP, the body's primary energy currency. This reduction in ATP can severely impair the function of aerobic tissues like the brain and heart, which heavily rely on oxygen-dependent pathways for energy

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00:02:59

Why We Need Oxygen?

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/08/30

Around 95% of the oxygen we breathe is consumed by the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. This process is also known as cellular respiration. Its function is to oxidize the high-energy molecules produced from mitochondrial catabolism into ATP, a more usable form of energy.

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00:02:59

Electron Transport Chain: Cellular Respiration

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/08/25

The podcast describes the cellular role of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. This coupled oxidative process converts high energy molecules (NADH, FADH2) into a usable form of energy (ATP) by transporting their electrons to oxygen through the ETC. Oxygen consumption by the ETC accounts for the major cellular use of oxygen by the cell.

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00:02:58

The TCA Cycle & Acetyl CoA: A Metabolic Crossroad

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/08/20

Acetyl CoA is a molecule derived from various dietary sources that drives energy production by the TCA cycle, producing the equivalent of 12 ATP per turn of the cycle. Acetyl CoA has 5 distinct metabolic sources including pyruvate, amino acids, fatty acids, ketone bodies and alcohol.

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00:03:00

Major Energy Sources In The Diet

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/08/13

The major energy sources in the diet are provided by carbohydrates and fat in the form of triacylglycerol (triglycerides). Catabolism of these components produces different amounts of energy (ATP). A comparison of ATP output from catabolism of glucose , palmitate, and acetoacetate is also covered.

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00:08:58

FASTING: A 3 Organ Concert

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/08/01

Maintenance of energy sources during fasting in the bloodstream depends on three organs acting in concert: 1. The liver which provides the bloodstream with glucose and ketone bodies; 2. Adipose tissue which provides the bloodstream with fatty acids; and 3. The muscle which provides lactate, alanine, and other amino acids as gluconeogenic precursors for glucose de novo synthesis in the liver. These actions are mostly controlled by a rise in both epinephrine and glucagon during fasting.

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00:05:59

Cholesterol Biosynthesis, Statins, and the Reduction...

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/07/25

This podcast summarizes the 4 major cellular uses of cholesterol, its biosynthesis, and the regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme HMG CoA reductase by intracellular cholesterol.The podcast further describes the biochemical mechanism involved in the reduction of plasma cholesterol by statin treatment. Ultimately, statins reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver, which in turn results in the increased gene expression of the LDL receptor in the liver. Consequently, the increased number of LDL

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00:08:16

Cholesterol, Cellular Uses & Regulation of Biosynthesis

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/07/13

This podcast highlights the essential role of cholesterol in various bodily functions, including the synthesis of bile acids, cell membranes, vitamin D, and all steroid hormones. It explains that cholesterol biosynthesis follows a unique three-stage pathway, distinct from fatty acid production, with the rate-limiting enzyme HMG CoA reductase being crucial for regulation. This enzyme's activity is tightly controlled by hormones and intracellular cholesterol levels. Notably, cholesterol itself acts as

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00:04:06

Lipoprotein Lipase, Insulin & Plasma Triglycerides

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/07/02

The provided text from a YouTube video explains the journey and fate of chylomicrons, which are lipid particles formed in the intestine from dietary fats. These particles, primarily composed of triglycerides, are released into the bloodstream and interact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme on blood vessel walls. LPL breaks down the triglycerides within chylomicrons, releasing fatty acids that surrounding tissues can use for energy or storage, particularly in adipose tissue. A key point is that

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00:02:23

Thromboxanes, Prostaglandins & Vascular Health

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/06/27

This podcast covers the key roles of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxanes (TXA2) on vascular health by regulating platelet aggregation and vasodilation. The major eicosanoids produced in the body are derived from omega-6 fatty acids and their precursor is arachidonic acid.

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00:02:59

Fish Oils & Inflammation

Metabolism Made Easy ·

2025/06/27

This podcast covers eicosanoids derived from omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and how their relative amounts could reduce inflammation by decreasing platelet aggregation and promoting vasodilation. Thromboxane A3 derived from omega -3 fatty acids is less potent in promoting platelet aggregation than Thromboxanes A2 derived from omega -6 fatty acids.

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