At midnight on December 31, 2008, thousands of first-generation Zune 30 players froze at once. A clock driver written by Freescale could not handle day 366 of a leap year and trapped the processor in an infinite loop. Microsoft's fix was to wait a day. That frozen screen sealed the Zune's reputation as a punchline, but this episode argues the brown brick deserves a second look. Born in 2006 after Microsoft scrapped MSN Music and its PlaysForSure licensing model, the Zune was built by the Xbox team

Decades before the World Wide Web, millions of people pulled up news, weather, and sports scores on demand from data hidden inside their television signal. Teletext exploited the vertical blanking interval, the brief gap when a cathode ray tube's electron beam resets from the bottom of the screen to the top. In the early 1970s John Adams at Philips Laboratories worked out how to pack digitized text into those unused lines, and a decoder chip in the set turned it into a grid of 24 rows by 40

Before the smartphone and the personal computer, the device driving the semiconductor industry was the calculator. This episode starts with the mechanical ceiling: Blaise Pascal building the Pascaline in 1642 at age 19 to ease his father's tax work, and the Curta of the 1940s, a hand-cranked cylinder shaped like a pepper grinder that delivered 11 digits of precision. Then electronics arrive. The British ANITA Mk 8 of October 1961 weighed roughly 33 pounds, ran on vacuum tubes, and showed its answers

The most famous two words in computer science began as the on-air catchphrase of a 1950s New York disc jockey, William B. Williams. They entered computing through Brian Kernighan, whose 1972 tutorial for the B language used the greeting to teach a hard lesson about memory. On machines like the PDP-11 a character constant held only four ASCII characters, so printing the phrase meant stitching three variables together. His 1974 Bell Labs memo and the 1978 book The C Programming Language, written with

In 1994 Microsoft typographic engineer Vincent Connare looked at a beta of Microsoft Bob, a friendly program meant to ease newcomers into computing, and saw a cartoon dog speaking in Times New Roman. So he pulled Watchmen and The Dark Knight Returns off his shelf and drew a casual, comic-style alphabet freehand with a mouse. The font missed Bob's deadline but slipped into 3D Movie Maker, the Windows 95 Plus pack, Internet Explorer, and Publisher. From there Comic Sans escaped onto millions of

Twitter paid a reported 30 million dollars for Vine in October 2012, before the public could even download it. Founders Dom Hofmann, Rus Yusupov, and Colin Kroll had built the visual equivalent of a tweet: six seconds of looping video, recorded only while a thumb pressed the screen. Launched on January 24, 2013, it was the top free app in the iOS App Store by April. That touch-to-record design put jump cuts and stop motion in anyone's hands, and soon Vine was pushing an obscure rap track to number

In 2004 the Motorola Razr V3 landed among chunky plastic handsets like something dropped from orbit: impossibly thin, clad in anodized aluminum, with a keypad etched from a single sheet of metal and a snap that made hanging up feel like a statement. It turned the phone from a tool into a status symbol people left on restaurant tables. Motorola responded by flooding the market with variations through 2005 and 2006, then perfected the clamshell with the Razr 2 in 2007, just as touchscreens and the

In 2006 more than a hundred engineers, executives, and designers gathered to hold a funeral for a discontinued gadget. The gadget was Aibo, Sony's robot dog, born in the company's Computer Science Laboratory in the 1990s. Dr. Toshitada Doi and AI expert Masahiro Fujita began with a prototype called Mutant that tracked a yellow ball and threw karate strikes. Fujita's insight was that a robot built for entertainment could fail and still be loved, because owners would read its mistakes as

Winamp greeted new users with a bleating llama and a boast about whipping its backside. Behind the joke was a real fix for a 1997 problem: MP3 playback strained weak desktop processors. University of Utah students Justin Frankel and Dmitry Boldyrev wrapped a simple Windows interface around AMP, an efficient decoding engine written by Tomislav Uzelac, and released it as shareware. They asked users to mail a $10 check if they liked it, and by 1998 those checks brought in roughly $100,000 a month.This

In 1978 Dan Bricklin sat in a Harvard Business School classroom watching a professor build a financial model in chalk. Every time one number changed, each figure that depended on it had to be erased and recalculated by hand. Bricklin imagined a grid where the computer did that work instantly. With Bob Frankston he formed Software Arts in Arlington, Massachusetts, and the two spent a winter in an attic writing the program in 6502 assembly language for the Apple II.This episode follows VisiCalc from

In 1983, two teenagers in Edmonds, Washington, lay rigid and face down in the outfield during a baseball game, stayed that way for several innings, then got up and left. Scott Amy and Joel Marshall called it face dancing. The same odd idea surfaced again at a 1986 disco party in Berlin, in an unaired 1994 Tom Green prank in Ottawa, and in 1997 in Taunton, England, where schoolboys Gary Clarkson and Christian Langdon named it the lying down game.This episode traces how that pointless act of stillness

IBM Watson won a million dollars on national television, tried to become a cancer doctor, drifted through a string of odd jobs, and was finally sold for parts. The idea began in 2004, when an IBM manager at a steakhouse saw diners abandon their meals to watch Ken Jennings on his 74 game winning streak. Under principal investigator David Ferrucci, the 2006 prototype answered about 15 percent of clues correctly. The finished machine ran on 90 servers with 16 terabytes of RAM and had to play completely

In late 1994 David Bohnett and John Rezner launched Beverly Hills Internet, a small web host in Southern California with an unusual way of organizing the early web. Pages lived in virtual neighborhoods named for real places, such as Hollywood, Wall Street, and Silicon Valley, and each address was a street number with neighbors on either side. By mid 1995 anyone could claim two megabytes of free space and build a home page. The company called its users homesteaders and soon renamed itself

Eric Migicovsky took his idea for a smartphone-connected watch through Y Combinator, earned real revenue during the program, and raised $375,000 from angel investors including Tim Draper. Venture capitalists still turned him down, wary of the tooling, inventory, and recall risks of hardware. So in April 2012 he renamed his company Pebble Technology and put the watch on Kickstarter with a $100,000 goal. It hit that mark in two hours and went on to raise more than $10.2 million from nearly 69,000

The Curta was a mechanical calculator small enough to hold in one hand, nicknamed the pepper grinder and the math grenade. Its inventor, Curt Herzstark, grew up in his family's calculating machine business in 1930s Vienna and set out to shrink a desktop machine to pocket size. His answer was to replace the usual row of ten stepped drums with a single central drum ringed by input sliders, and to handle subtraction by adding a nine's complement. He secured a key patent in 1938, the year Nazi Germany

William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor, persuaded financier Arnold Beckman to give him $1 million for a lab in Palo Alto, then mostly fruit orchards. He recruited eight young scientists, among them Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, Eugene Kleiner, and Jean Hoerni, after putting each through psychological and intelligence tests. Then the dream job soured. Shockley recorded phone calls, forbade staff from sharing results, mailed their reports to Bell Labs to be checked, and demanded that everyone

John von Neumann's colleagues included Nobel laureates and the founders of quantum physics, and some of them half seriously suspected he was not human. Born in Budapest in 1903 to a wealthy banking family, he knew calculus by age eight and read a 46 volume world history for pleasure. His tutor, Gabor Szego, is said to have wept on seeing the boy's reasoning. At 19 he was publishing work on set theory, and he later earned a chemical engineering degree in Zurich and a mathematics PhD in Budapest at

Ray Tomlinson created networked email, gave the @ symbol its modern meaning, and then declined to own a cell phone. Born on April 23, 1941, in Amsterdam, New York, and raised in the village of Vail Mills, he was the son of a carpet mill worker and a dry cleaner's employee. He studied electrical engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, did a co-op with IBM, and went on to MIT, where the early video game Spacewar showed him that computers could respond to people in real time.This episode

Life magazine called it the first electronic person in 1970. Shakey was a top-heavy stack of boxes on wheels, built at the Stanford Research Institute's Artificial Intelligence Center with DARPA money after a 1964 proposal for intelligent automata aimed at reconnaissance. It carried a television camera, sonar range finders, a radio antenna, and bump detectors. Project manager Charles Rosen watched it tremble across the floor, said it shakes like hell, and the name stuck.This episode tells Shakey's

In 2008 a guest conductor four feet three inches tall, dressed like a small astronaut, led the Detroit Symphony Orchestra through The Impossible Dream. It was ASIMO, Honda's humanoid robot, and it was never meant to be sold. The project began in 1986 at a research center in Wako, Japan, with a single goal: make a machine walk on two legs. The early E series models were little more than heavy mechanical legs trailing thick cables, and the hulking P series followed before ASIMO was unveiled in October