6. The Campaign Focuses on the League and Eugene Debs David Pietrusza 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents The campaign featured the Democratic ticket of Cox and Roosevelt against Harding. Though criticized for his "bloviating" speeches, Harding was a charming speaker who avoided trouble. After meeting the frail Woodrow Wilson, Cox was deeply moved and made the League of Nations the central, defining issue for the Democrats—a political miscalculation. Wilson refused to compromise on the League

5. The Democratic Convention: Wilson's Downfall and the Rise of Cox and Roosevelt David Pietrusza 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents Meeting in San Francisco in July 1920, the Democrats grappled with Woodrow Wilson's political liability due to his uncompromising League of Nations stance and desire for a third term. Wilson received only a grim demonstration of support, and his cabinet feared he would die if nominated. The two leading contenders were William Gibbs McAdoo, Wilson's son-in-law,

4. The Republican Convention: Harding Emerges from the Smoke-Filled Room David Pietrusza 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents The Republican National Convention in Chicago in June 1920 was hot and chaotic. Leading candidates included Hiram Johnson, Leonard Wood, and Frank Lowden, while Warren Harding was a distant long shot, seeking the presidency partly to boost his reelection campaign for his Senate seat. The balloting quickly established the limits of the frontrunners. Because Republicans

3. The Rise of FDR and Calvin Coolidge's Contrasting Personas David Pietrusza 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, the ambitious Assistant Secretary of the Navy, was considered only for the vice presidency in 1920, often making mistakes on the campaign trail. His marriage to Eleanor had become strained by his long-term affair with Lucy Mercer, transforming into more of a political partnership. This contrasts sharply with Calvin Coolidge, whose marriage was marked by fidelity

2. Warren G. Harding: The Available Man and the Ohio Battlefield David Pietrusza 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents Warren G. Harding emerged as the Republican nominee in the 1920 election, a year Republicans anticipated winning. Harding was nobody's first choice, perhaps the fifth or sixth, positioning himself as "the available man" due to his moderate, non-alienating nature. A small-town Ohio publisher, Harding benefited from Ohio's status as the key battleground state; Democrats also

1. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson and the Split over the League of Nations David Pietrusza 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents The 1920 election followed President Woodrow Wilson's debilitating stroke in October 1919, which left him perpetually frail. The core issue became the League of Nations, which Wilson championed but the Republican Party bitterly contested, ultimately causing public skepticism. Wilson held fierce opposition to former President Theodore Roosevelt, who died in January 1919

8. Monuments, Darkness, and Contingency Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier This section highlights the enduring conflict, which extended into the early 20th century through a "monument war" near Logan's Elm in Ohio. The Cresap Society funded a monument to clear their family name, leading locals to erect counter-monuments with the lament's text and a statue of Logan. Parkinson utilizes Joseph Conrad's metaphor of "the flicker"

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7. The Battle for Logan's Legacy in McGuffey's Reader Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier This section explores the political battle spurred by Logan's Lament. Jefferson used the lament in Notes on the State of Virginia to argue for American superiority against European claims of degeneracy, elevating Logan while condemning Michael Cresap. This triggered a ferocious counter-crusade by Luther Martin, an attorney married into the

6. Logan's Murder and Jefferson's Defense of America Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier This section explores the fate of Logan and the cultural impact of his lament. A surveyor learned that Logan was murdered by his nephew, Todkahtos, around 1780 near Lake Erie. Logan was silenced because the Six Nations feared the powerful orator was too persuasive and unpredictable in the volatile Ohio country. The discussion pivots to Thomas

. Michael Cresap's Transformation into a Patriot Hero Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier This section details the transformation of Michael Cresap from a figure blamed for frontier atrocities to a Patriot hero. Although blamed by Logan and British officials for the violence, Cresap answered the Continental Congress's call for riflemen, marching to Boston. These riflemen were lauded as "America's secret weapons" but were

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4. Logan's Vengeance and Lord Dunmore's War Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier This section focuses on the multiple "bewildering" conflicts on the frontier as the Revolution began. Following the Yellow Creek Massacre, Logan, the former diplomat, became an avenger, killing nearly 20 people and deliberately slaughtering children in revenge for his family's deaths. This period coincided with Lord Dunmore's War, launched by the

3. Tribal Politics and the Yellow Creek Massacre Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier This section details the Yellow Creek Massacre. The frontier conflicts are described as tribal, involving native groups and colonial groups (Virginians, Pennsylvanians) battling over land, especially after the British left Fort Pitt. The massacre happened on April 30, 1774, at Baker's Bottom, targeting a band of Mingo natives. Logan's family,

2. Washington, Land Speculation, and the Heart of American Darkness Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier This section explores the theme of "bewilderment" on the American frontier, drawing parallels to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. The conversation notes the intense confusion and tribal conflicts involving colonials, Native Americans, the French, and the British. A key focus is George Washington's role as a land speculator

. Logan's Lament and the Mingo/Cresap Frontier Conflict Professor Robert G. Parkinson, Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Professor Robert G. Parkinson's book Heart of American Darkness focuses on Logan's Lament, a famous 1775 document where Mingo chief Logan laments the 1774 murder of his family by "Colonel Cresap." Parkinson notes this is a misidentification; the actual killer was not a Cresap, though the Cresap family were powerful land speculators