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PODCAST

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research

Ahmadreza Gharaeian

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research is the podcast where complex textbooks stop gathering dust and start making sense. Each episode breaks down the dense chapters of cellular and molecular biology—DNA, signaling pathways, protein folding, experimental techniques—into clear explanations for students, early-career researchers, or anyone who wants to actually understand the science instead of just memorizing it. Think of it as your study buddy who reads the heavy stuff, translates the jargon,

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All Episodes

00:56:00

The Mechanism of Transcription in Bacteria (CMB part 4 )

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/11/15

The catalytic agent in the transcription process is RNA polymerase. In E. coli, this enzyme consists of a core, which houses the fundamental transcription machinery, and a sigma factor (σ-factor), which guides the core to transcribe specific genes. The σ-factor facilitates the initiation of transcription by enabling the RNA polymerase holoenzyme to bind tightly to a promoter. This σ-dependent binding necessitates the localized melting of 10–17 base pairs of DNA near the transcription start site,

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01:03:21

Molecular Tools for Studying Genes and Gene Activity...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/11/09

Methods for purifying proteins and nucleic acids are fundamental in molecular biology. DNA, RNA, and proteins of varying sizes can be effectively separated using gel electrophoresis. Agarose is the most commonly used gel for nucleic acid electrophoresis, while polyacrylamide is typically employed for protein electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separates polypeptides based on their sizes. For higher resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is

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01:14:47

Molecular Cloning Methods (CMB part 2)

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/11/05

To clone a gene, it must be inserted into a vector capable of carrying the gene into a host cell and ensuring its replication. This insertion is typically achieved by cutting both the vector and the target DNA with the same restriction endonucleases to create matching “sticky ends.” Cloning vectors in bacteria are primarily categorized as plasmids or phages. Plasmid cloning vectors include pBR322 and the pUC plasmids. The pUC plasmids and pBS phagemids facilitate convenient screening, as they

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01:04:35

An intro to Molecular and Functional Properties of...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/11/01

The three primary functions of genes are storing information, replication, and the accumulation of mutations. Proteins, also known as polypeptides, are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Most genes carry the instructions for producing a single polypeptide and are expressed through a two-step process: transcription, which synthesizes an mRNA copy of the gene, followed by translation, where this mRNA is used to produce a protein. Translation occurs on ribosomes, the cell’s protein

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01:09:44

Cancer and the Immune System ( Immunology final part )

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/10/27

Cancer is characterized as a malignant tumor, defined by its ability to grow progressively, invade surrounding healthy tissues, and spread to distant sites through a process known as metastasis. These malignant cells are essentially altered versions of the body’s own cells, having escaped normal growth-regulating mechanisms and apoptotic signals, which leads to unchecked proliferation.From an immunological standpoint, the immune system plays a vital role in cancer surveillance as part of its regular

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01:25:02

Immunodeficiency Diseases( immunology part 18)

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/10/23

Immunodeficiency diseases underscore the critical role of the immune system's cells and molecules in maintaining overall protection against disease. Primary immunodeficiency diseases, stemming from over 300 distinct inherited genetic defects, encompass a spectrum from severe SCID conditions affecting T cells and B cells to milder defects impacting the production of specific immunoglobulin classes or complement components. The most severe SCID cases obstruct the development of all hematopoietic

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00:59:06

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines( Immunology part 17)

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/10/19

Infectious agents are incredibly diverse and resilient. These predominantly free-living organisms possess several advantages over their human hosts, including significantly more evolutionary time, shorter generational cycles, and extraordinary adaptability. As their hosts, humans also have notable strengths, such as a highly advanced system—comprising both innate and adaptive components—that has evolved through interactions with these infectious agents, both beneficial and harmful. Additionally,

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00:55:33

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/10/15

Significant progress has been made in understanding the principles of immune tolerance over the past decade. Previously, tolerance was primarily perceived as the complete elimination of autoreactive cells, adhering to the “ignorance is bliss” model. However, current insights reveal a more intricate understanding of tolerance. Scientists now recognize that while certain structures remain hidden from the immune system’s surveillance (evasion), and the most aggressive anti-self lymphocytes are

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01:28:55

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/10/11

Immune responses are often a double-edged sword. Their essential role in protecting against infections is critical for survival, as shown by the fatal consequences of untreated immunodeficiency diseases (to be discussed in Chapter 18). To ensure effective protection, a broad range of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms has evolved, typically enabling responses tailored to the specific pathogen entering the body. However, immune responses are inherently destructive, and when excessive, persistent,

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01:06:01

The Adaptive Immune Response in Space and Time(...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/10/07

We conclude our extensive exploration of the cellular and molecular biology of the immune response by emphasizing studies that unveil the dynamic choreography of immune cells within living tissues. These images and videos have not only validated predictions made by immunologists who previously lacked the tools to visualize the cells they studied but have also uncovered unexpected characteristics of immune cells: the striking swarming behavior of neutrophils, the intricate dendritic processes of

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01:09:57

Barrier Immunity: The Immunology of Mucosa and Skin(...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/10/04

The barrier immune systems, comprising tissues and cells in the intestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue or MALT), as well as in the skin, play a crucial role in monitoring and protecting areas of the body exposed to the external environment. Epithelial cells form the first line of innate immunity, with each barrier tissue covered by one or more epithelial layers that collaborate other innate and adaptive immune cells. This coordination fosters a

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00:49:17

Effector Responses: Antibody- and Cell Mediated...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/30

The adaptive immune system is renowned for its vast diversity of antibody and T-cell receptor specificities. The mechanisms generating this diversity—V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation—are unique and highly regarded by scientists in various biological fields. However, another crucial aspect of diversity often overlooked by those outside immunology is the extensive range of immune effector mechanisms, both antibody- and cell-mediated, that provide protection. For humoral responses, this

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01:10:50

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/27

B cells are defined by the presence of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin receptor, which binds antigens. Upon antigen binding and receiving auxiliary signals, B cells are directed to secrete soluble antibody molecules. There are four main subsets of B cells—B-1a, B-1b, B-2 (follicular), and marginal zone (MZ) B cells—distinguished by their anatomical locations, the antigens they recognize, and their dependence on T-cell help. B-1 B cells predominantly protect body cavities, especially the peritoneal

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01:15:50

b-cell development ( Immunology part 10

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/23

The initial critical challenge in B-cell development is the creation of B cells with an extensive repertoire—billions of B-cell receptor specificities—capable of responding to virtually any foreign element entering the body. The diversity of antibodies, arising from gene rearrangements, junctional diversification, and various combinations of heavy and light chains, is further enhanced by the daily production of millions of new B cells. Unnecessary B cells are replaced by new ones generated in the

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01:34:30

T-Cell Activation, Helper Subset Differentiation, and...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/20

The fate of a mature, naïve T cell depends on the signals it encounters. Most naïve T cells perish within days or weeks after exiting the thymus, as they fail to bind to MHC-peptide complexes while scanning the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during their circulation through lymphoid tissues. To survive and differentiate into effector cells, T cells require two signals from activated dendritic cells: one through the T-cell receptor (TCR) and another via a costimulatory receptor, such as

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00:57:27

T-Cell Development (Immunology part 8)

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/17

Mature T lymphocytes possess a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire that is self-tolerant while being restricted to self-MHC. This delicate balance is achieved through a series of stringent selection processes in the thymus, akin to natural selection in evolution. T cells, or thymocytes, originate from multipotent CD4-CD8- precursors that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where Notch signaling commits them to the T-cell lineage. Immature thymocytes proliferate, upregulate CD4 and CD8,

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01:02:50

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/13

If antigen-presenting cells serve as the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, then MHC molecules act as the essential tools enabling this connection. These molecules hold antigenic fragments and present them to T-cell receptors, activating the corresponding T cell and initiating the adaptive immune response. As transmembrane proteins, MHC molecules are expressed on the surface of cells and are widely distributed throughout the body. They exhibit significant diversity at both individual and

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01:30:17

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte...

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/09

Since the early twentieth century, when it was first recognized that antibody molecules could specifically identify and bind to a vast array of antigens, immunologists have sought to understand how a limited amount of genetic information could encode such a broad range of specific receptor molecules in lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response. It is now known that B- and T-cell receptor molecules are encoded by families of short gene segments, which are uniquely recombined in different

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01:17:42

The Complement System (Immunology part 5)

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/04

The complement system is a collection of serum proteins, many of which circulate in inactive forms and require cleavage or conformational changes for activation. These proteins include initiator molecules, enzymatic mediators, membrane-binding components (opsonins), inflammatory mediators, membrane attack proteins, complement receptor proteins, and regulatory components. Although complement protein genes predate those encoding adaptive immune system receptors, complement proteins play roles in both

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01:36:29

Innate Immunity (immunology part 4)

Cellular and Molecular Biology for Research ·

2025/09/01

It is fitting that an introduction to the nature and mechanisms of immune responses begins with innate immunity, as the cells, tissues, and molecules of this system play a crucial role in providing early protection against infection. The first line of defense is formed by the epithelial layers, which prevent the majority of environmental pathogens from entering the body. The tightly connected epithelial cells of the skin and the mucosal and glandular tissues lining the body’s openings act as a

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