The Chemistry Timeline

Today we venture back to the start of philosophical thinking. We will learn about two Greek thinkers who started to try and comprehend the universe. What was the Arche? How did their ideas fare to modern science? And how far off were they?ReferencesAristotle. Metaphysics (Book I, Chapter 3). Diogenes Laërtius. Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (Book I). Plato. Theaetetus (174a). Kirk, G.S., Raven, J.E., & Schofield, M. The Presocratic Philosophers. Cambridge University Press. Burnet,

Today, we venture back to the point where we started turning boring sand into beautiful glass. How did we turn this common ingredient into a clear crystal? What problems did they have, and why was coloured glass the original idea?References:Degryse, P., Scott, R. B., & Brems, D. (2014). The archaeometry of ancient glassmaking: Reconstructing ancient technology and the trade of raw materials. Perspective, (2), 224–238. https://doi.org/10.4000/perspective.5617Gherardi, F. (2022). Compositional and

In today's episode, we venture back to one of the most loved ancient civilisations, the Egyptians. How did we preserve human bodies for thousands of years? What did they use? And why did they have lovely black lines on their eyes?References:Lucas, A. (1962). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. Edward Arnold Publishers. (The definitive, classic text on the material chemistry of ancient Egypt).Tapsoba, I., et al. (2010). Finding Out Why Ancient Egyptian Kohl Makeup Had Bactericidal and

I'd like to apologise for the delay in this episode. Last weeks heatwave absolutely destroyed me!In our fourth episode, we explore how clay leads to ceramics. How do we turn this lump of slimy mud into durable, glazed jars and pots? References:Aitken, M. J. (1985). Thermoluminescence dating. Academic Press.Eppler, R. A., & Eppler, D. R. (2000). Glazes and glass coatings. American Ceramic Society.Kingery, W. D. (1948). Fundamental study of clay: VIII, a new method for studying the plasticity

In the third episode of this season, we explore why the iron age didn't come first. How did we come to use metal? What did it do to early empires? Where did an unlikely object shatter the understanding of rusting? Find out in this episode.References:Comelli, D., et al. (2016). The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 51(7), 1301-1309.Wertime, T. A., & Muhly, J. D. (1980). The Coming of the Age of Iron. Yale University

In our second episode, we look at how humans went from simple stones, to magnificent metal. How did we come to use copper? Where did we get it from? And what were the challenges of creating bronze? Find out in this latest episode.References:Kradradjee, B., & Charles, J. A. (1980). The first metallurgists: Smelting and alloying in the ancient Near East. Journal of Archaeological Science, 7(3), 211–230.Pernicka, E. (2014). Provenance determination of archaeological metal objects. In Roberts, B.

In the first, inaugural episode of the Chemistry Timeline, we travel back to the first time hominins harnessed chemistry. How did fire come to be part of our everyday lives, and how did it change our biology, our social skills, and our understanding of the material world?References:Attila, Y. (2018). The history of fire use and its effects on human sociality. DergiPark, 4(2), 112–125.Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process. Philosophical Transactions