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Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes

Evergreen Podcasts

Reading through difficult philosophy texts line-by-line to try to figure out what’s really being said.

society & culture philosophy

All Episodes

55:12

Kierkegaard on Knowledge (Part Two)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2026/03/12

Continuing on Concluding Unscientific Postscript, now beginning the section called "Subjective Truth, Inwardness; Truth Is Subjectivity." K. slowly unravels his thoughts on why objective thought as Hegel (or anyone else) conceives of it is inhuman: We are persons changing over time, trying to know a world that is changing over time, so knowledge claims must not avoid mention of the position of the knowing subject. Read along with us, starting at the bottom of p198 (PDF p3). To get future parts

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61:03

Kierkegaard on Knowledge (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2026/03/06

On an excerpt from Soren Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846) that critiques Hegel's idea of logic (dialectic) and then argues for his own conception of "truth as subjectivity." In this first part, he's mostly focusing on Hegel. First (along with the rest of the world), K. denies Hegel's idea that logic is equivalent to physics (or biology, or any other analysis of what actually exists). Furthermore, the idea of a "system" is only one that (according to K) makes sense if you're

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63:59

Hegel's "Unhappy Consciousness" (Part Two)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2026/02/05

We're up to sec. 208 in The Phenomenology of Spirit, still trying to figure out how and why individual consciousness is related to "The Unchangeable," which could be the Kantian thing-in-itself, or perhaps specifically the human soul as a thing-in-itself, or maybe Platonic Forms or God or some other Parmenidean One.Because this "part two" discussion was so enthralling, I'm sharing it on this feed, but to get parts 3 and 4, you'll need to sign up to support us:

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55:31

Hegel's "Unhappy Consciousness" (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2026/01/31

We're within the Self-Consciousness chapter of The Phenomenology of Spirit, specifically starting at sec. 206, which is the transition between two sections we've already considered on this podcast: Stoicism (and Skepticism) and Reason. The more famous part of the self-consciousness portion of the book is on the Master-Slave conflict, and in this section, we've got a similar dividedness, but it's all within one psyche, like you're being tortured by a voice in your head that you don't realize is just

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65:05

Latour on Materialism

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2026/01/20

Mark and Wes read and discuss the short 2007 article, "Can We Get Our Materialism Back, Please?" Here Bruno Latour complains that materialism as modern common sense conceives of it is actually idealist: It is a social construction. Instead, a "thick" concept of material things acknowledges and details their historical (i.e. material in the Marxist sense) origins.Read along with us. You can choose to watch this on video. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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64:01

Fanon on Hegel

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2026/01/10

On Franz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks, ch. 7, B. "The Negro and Hegel." Hegel describes the abstract attainment of self-consciousness through recognition, but is this actually how it works in real slavery and its aftermath?Read along with us, p. 216 (PDF p. 234). You can choose to ⁠watch this on video⁠. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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57:23

Aquinas and Scotus on Law (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/12/18

While we modern folks have a generally clear distinction between law as in descriptive laws of nature and law as in ethical or civil commandments, these Medieval philosophers saw these as very much related if not actually the same thing, given that humans can ignore the dictates of their nature, i.e. reason, whereas the rest of nature just proceeds according to natural law, which for these theologians means God's dictates. So what actually is the relation, in general, between law and reason? Our

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68:33

Josiah Royce on Interpreting Other People

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/12/12

On "The Problem of Christianity," vol. 2, lecture 12, ch. 9, "The Will to Interpret."The point is to help explain Royce's idea of a community of interpretation, and the idea is that in the very act of interpreting a single individual, I'm bringing in some kind of public lexicon, i.e. other people beyond us two. Even though other people are fundamentally separate from us, we make some sort of leap that is the foundation of community: the will to interpret you as if your mind were accessible to

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58:02

Hegel on Reason (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/11/14

On Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, Part C (AA) Reason, V. The Certainty and Truth of Reason. This section comes right after the self-consciousness sections, and so its big puzzle is why? Why is full recognition by another self-consciousness necessary for Reason, and consequently what is Hegel's conception of Reason?Read along with us, on PDF p. 175, i.e. section 231. You can choose to watch this on YouTube. To get future parts, subscribe at ⁠⁠⁠patreon.com/closereadsphilosophy⁠⁠⁠. Learn more

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57:18

Dispute Between a Man and His Ba

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/11/06

In this famous, impossibly ancient (ca. 1900 BC!) Egyptian text, a man negotiations with the part of his soul that's supposed to help him in the afterlife. Can he kill himself now and still get all the benefits of an honorable death? His ba says no. Is this actually philosophy, or just a glimpse into the strangeness of a long-gone culture? You decide!Read along with us. You can choose to watch this on video. Get this ad-free along with every Closereads recording at

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65:07

Aquinas and Aristotle on Soul

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/10/30

From Disputed Questions in De Anima (1269) as presented in Thomas Aquinas: Selected Philosophical Writings (Oxford 1993), "Passage 18: Soul in Human Beings."The question is how Aquinas, as an Aristotelian who therefore thinks the mind is the form of the body, can agree with the Christian doctrine that the soul exists after death. The answer is surprisingly weird: The body-less soul is incomplete, so we'd need to have the end-of-times full-bodily-resurrection of all the good people in order to have

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62:19

Hobbes on Liberty

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/10/16

On Leviathan (1651), ch. 21, "On the Liberty of Subjects." Thomas Hobbes is known for defending absolute monarchy, so as you'd predict, he's not going to say we have a lot of "natural" liberties.We do always have the right to self-defense, but that doesn't mean that the sovereign can't with complete justice command you executed (even if you're innocent). Yet Hobbes wants to say that even under a repressive regime we all have lots of liberty, in the sense of no one physically stopping us from doing

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69:25

Aristotle on Final Causes

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/10/09

On Aristotle's Physics, book 2, ch. 8 on "final causation," i.e. purposiveness as a natural explanation. Modern science doesn't much like this kind of explanation, but Aristotle found it essential, and here's his argument for it.Read along with us. You can choose to watch this on video. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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63:53

Horkheimer and Adorno on Enlightenment (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/09/18

On "The Concept of Enlightenment" (1944), the first essay in this Frankfurt School book of critical theory, The Dialectic of Enlightenment.Our authors lay out what they take The Enlightenment to consist of, including some quotes from Francis Bacon, and some ultimately fatal tensions within it that make it no longer serve the humanistic purposes it was created for. Read along with us on PDF p. 22. You can choose to watch this on video. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit

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58:13

Hegel on Stoicism (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/09/08

Discussing the section on Stoicism in Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit," which is under "Freedom of Self-Consciousness," "Stoicism, Scepticism, and the Unhappy Consciousness."This comes right after his famous lordship and bondage chapter, and explains how in reaction to being defined by the gaze of another person, we assert our independence, but in an immature and ultimately unsustainable way. So this is not a very charitable take on Stoicism; he's just focusing on this assertion of freedom that's

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58:23

Peter Railton's "Moral Realism" (Wrap Up)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/08/22

Concluding our treatment of Peter Railton's "Moral Realism" (1984).This is our eighth discussion of this reading, but don't worry if you haven't listened to the paywalled parts. This discussion can serve as a standalone summary of not only Railton's view, but of our efforts to actually figure out what a plausible naturalistic, empirical account of ethics could amount to. Read along with us, starting on PDF p. 42. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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62:00

Peter Railton's "Moral Realism" (Part Four)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/07/22

What? Part Four? Yes, we're jumping back into a 1984 paper that we began a couple of years ago in light of our recent PEL activity on contemporary ethics. You should be fine just starting here, but all three previous parts have been made public on our Patreon page, which is where you'll eventually find parts 5, 6, and possibly more.So far, Railton has been giving us an account of our objective individual interests: What you would want for your current you if you had all the relevant knowledge. He

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58:23

H.A. Prichard on Ethics (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/07/02

On "Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?" (1912). Prichard claims that we feel certain actions to be obligatory, and that we have no justification for doubting those raw intuitions. The situation, he claims, is comparable to epistemology: We have no grounds for doubting globally a la Descartes, but only in particular circumstances where science demands we should go back and check again, but more carefully.Likewise, we can be wrong about particular moral judgments, but the process of refining

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60:23

Parfit on Game Theory (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/06/19

On Derek Parfit's "Prudence, Morality, and the Prisoner's Dilemma" (1978). What is a "prisoner's dilemma" and what is its relevance to ethics? In general, it's better for me if I break norms so long as others in general follow them, but if we all try to be free riders in this way, then no one gets to ride at all. Parfit considers variations of this situation and lays out legislative and ideological/psychological strategies for addressing them. Read along with us. You can choose to watch this on

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57:34

Spinoza on Emotions (Part One)

Closereads: Philosophy with Mark and Wes ·

2025/06/05

On Spinoza's Ethics, Third Part, "Concerning the Origin and Nature of the Emotions."We want to see how emotions ground ethics, but first, we have to explain what emotions are, which means explaining how mind and body (and causality) work together on Spinoza's account. A passion is being affected by something that we don't understand, whereas reason (which will yield ethical behavior) involves grasping a cause clearly and distinctly. The latter means it's in your individual mind, whereas even if

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72 results

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